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43 Something similar occurred in France in the first half of the 19th century where industrial work was seen, for example, as "corrupting of the mental faculties," as declared in the Dictionnaire d'?nomie politique [1891-92] by L? Say & Joseph Chailley, cited by Castel (op. cit., p. 288) amid other evaluations of the working class (‘barbarians,' ‘vile multitude'...) which, the latter author argues, amounted to an "anti-working class racism widespread [among] the 19th century bourgeoisie." Consequently the workers movement asserted from its outset "the dignity of manual labour and its social pre-eminence as the true creator of wealth" as decisive aspects in the construction of class identity (ibid., p. 443; also see Thompson, Edward P. A forma? da classe oper?a inglesa, vol. 2. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1987).

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