FLORES, Jorge Rojas. The rights of the child in Chile: an historical view, 1910-1930.Translated byCristina Labarca Cortés. Historia (Santiago) [online]. 2007, vol.3Selected edition, pp. 0-0. ISSN 0717-7194.
|
|
|
2 One can consult a reconstruction of the concept of the rights of the child, from the end of the 19th century up to the end of the 20th, in the text by Philip E. Veerman, The Rights of the Child and the Changing Image of Childhood (The Netherlands, International Studies in Human Rights, vol. 18, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1992). [ Links ] 4 Kate Douglas Wiggin, Children's rights. A book of nursery logic (Boston-New York, Houghton Mifflin Co., The Riverside Press Cambridge, 1892). [ Links ] Ellen Key, El siglo de los niños (Estudios) (2 volumes, Barcelona, Biblioteca Sociológica Internacional, Imprenta de Henrich y Comp. en C. Editores, 1906). [ Links ] 8 Jorge Rojas Flores, Moral y prácticas cívicas en los niños chilenos, 1880-1950 (Santiago, Ariadna Ediciones, 2004), pp. 244-246. [ Links ] 10 Veerman, The Rights of the Child, pp. 93-110. [ Links ] 11 The text is extensibly cited in Veerman, The Rights of the Child, pp. 435-437. [ Links ] 12 The evaluation about this particular subject has been notoriously critical, though in its time the new system of protection was presented as an expression of the progress of nations. About this, see Anthony Platt, The Child Savers. The Invention of Delinquency (Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1977). [ Links ] 13 An example of this is to be seen in the book by the psychologist Alice Miller, For your own good: Hidden Cruelty in Child-Rearing and the Roots of Violence (Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1983), [ Links ] 15 There were probably other declarations circulating but we have found no trace of them. For example, the text by the Uruguayan educationalist José H. Figueira from 1910 and reedited in 1927 and 1939 was apparently only known locally. However, we will cite him again further on as he seemed to influence the declaration written by Rodríguez Fabregat. Another famous Uruguayan, Clemente Estable, presented a text organized as a Decalogue in 1928. Both are mentioned in a document of INN, La inclusión de la niñez con discapacidad (Montevideo, workdocument of PRODER, IIN, July 2001). The Chilean Amanda Grossi mentions an initiative that circulated in the First International Conference of Social Economy, that took place in Buenos Aires in 1924 (October 26th – November 4th). The text was supposedly ratified in Lima, during the Third Scientific Pan American Conference, that took place between December 1924 and January 1925. Amanda Grossi Aninat, Eugenesia y su legislación (Santiago, extended paper to apply for Bachelor's Degree at the Faculty of Political and Social Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Editorial Nascimento, 1941), p. 180. [ Links ] 16 In spain, the text was published in Pro-Infantia (Bulletin of the Higher Council of Protection to Infancy and Repression of Mendicity) Nº40, agosto/1912, pp. 501-502. About the role of Tolosa, María Luisa Ramas Varo, La protección legal de la infancia en España: orígenes y aplicación en Madrid (1900-1914) (Madrid, Consejo Económico y Social, 2001), [ Links ] cited by María Belén Rodrigo Lara, La libertad de pensamiento y creencias de los menores de edad (Madrid, Doctoral Thesis, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Derecho, Departamento de Derecho Eclesiástico del Estado, 2004), pp. 65-66. [ Links ] 17 "A los niños pobres" (Juan Cordero), in El Despertar de los Trabajadores, Iquique, November 24, 1912, p. 1. [ Links ] 18 Revista de Higiene Práctica, no number, 1913, pp. 134-135. [ Links ] 19 La revista azul, Nº1, November 1914, p.20. [ Links ] Carlos Edward García Londoño, Niños trabajadores y vida cotidiana en Medellín, 1900-1930 (Medellín, Clío, Editorial Universidad de Antioquia, 1999), pp. 63-64. [ Links ] 27 El Mercurio, Santiago, October 19, 1924, p.13. [ Links ] Cuarto Congreso Panamericano, volume.I, pp. 95-96, 101 and 148-149. [ Links ] 28 "La protección del niño" (Angel C. Espejo), in El Mercurio, Santiago, August 10 1924, p.5. [ Links ] 29 Revista de Educación Primaria, Nº6-7, August-September 1927, pp. 239-243. [ Links ] 31 Later on, this institution became the Interamerican Institute of the Child. Antecedents and constitution of the Institute in Boletín del Instituto Internacional Americano de Protección a la Infancia (from now on BIIAPI), Nº1, July 1927, pp. 7-14 and 29-66. [ Links ] 34 The subjects tackled in the VI congreso were transcribed in the Revista Chilena de Pediatría, Nº5, May 1930, pp. 272-279. [ Links ] 37 The news was published in El amigo magazine, Santiago, Nº72, February 1929, p.23. [ Links ] 38 The chilean delegation was directed by César Godoy Urrutia. The international meeting was tense because of the withdrawal of some delegations and several accusations. There are brief news about the convention in La Nación, Santiago, 10 and 12 January 1928. [ Links ] 39 For example, the text was published in Boletín de la I.M.A. (Nº1, 1928) edited in Buenos Aires by Internacional del Magisterio Americano; also in Amauta (Nº12, February 1928, p.32), [ Links ] the peruvian magazine directed by Mariátegui (next to the text of Rodríguez Fabregat, p.33) and in the weekly Repertorio Americano, of Costa Rica (Nº7, August 18, 1928, pp.106-107). [ Links ] 40 Gabriela Mistral, Magisterio y niño (a selection of prose with a prologue by Roque Esteban Scarpa, Santiago, Editorial Andrés Bello, 1979), pp. 62-65. [ Links ] 43 Among other things, the novelty of this declaration was that it included the right to "be understood"; to be protected from work that prevents his physical and mental development, limits his education and deprives him from the right to comradeship, joy and play; to give relief and education to blind, deaf or crippled children, and to give protection and care to intellectually subnormal children. The conference (White House Conference on Child Health and Protection) took place between 19 and 22 November 1930. BIIAPI, Nº4 (volume IV), April 1931, pp. 730-775. [ Links ] 44 Cited by Armando Ricci Ferrari, La delincuencia infantil y los tribunales para menores. Estudio comparado de la ley N°4447 (Santiago, extended paper to apply for Bachelor's Degree at the Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Imprenta del Ministerio de Guerra, 1930), p.196. [ Links ] 45 For example, the law only referred to legitimate children, only limited the power of fathers (not of mothers) and only on an economic sphere (affecting the legal figure of ius patria potestatis under the formula established by the Chilean Civil Code, and not the tuition and care of the children). Besides, it didn't establish a system of assistance to allow the State to take care of those children. There was other criticism due to the fact that the conditions that defined abandonment were very restrictive and hard to fulfill. There is a summary to the law of 1912 in Hipólito Letelier González, La protección de la infancia (Santiago, , extended paper to apply for Bachelor's Degree at the Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Imprenta S.B., 1918), pp. 94-101. [ Links ] 46 "Crónica literaria" (Omer Emeth, pseudonym of Emilio Vaisse), in El Mercurio, Santiago, 26 December 1929, p.3. [ Links ] 47 Strangely, he didn't cite the version of 1924, approved by the Society of Nations. Samuel Gajardo, Los derechos del niño y la tiranía del ambiente (Divulgación de la ley 4.447) Psicología, educación, derecho penal (prologue by Waldemar E. Coutts, Santiago, Imprenta Nascimento, 1929), pp. 41-50. [ Links ] 48 Revista de educación, Nº13, January 1930, p. 76. [ Links ] 53 The reference to the signs in the National House of the Child appears in Nelson A. Vargas Catalán, Historia de la pediatría chilena: crónica de una alegría (Santiago, Editorial Universitaria, 2002), pp.180-182; [ Links ] and in Ricardo Cruz-Coke, Historia de la medicina chilena, electronic version http://docencia.med.uchile.cl/histmedicina/biograf.htm). [ Links ] 54 Manuel Camilo Vial, Trabajos y actas del Primer Congreso Nacional de Protección a la Infancia, celebrado en Santiago de Chile del 21 al 26 de septiembre de 1912 (Santiago, Imprenta, Litografía y Encuadernación Barcelona, 1912), pp. 295-304. [ Links ] 55 For example, Armando Zagal Anabalón, Lactancia y nodrizas asalariadas (ley Roussel) (Santiago, Extended paper to apply for M.D. Degree, Clínica de Enfermedades de Niños. Reader professor Luis Fuenzalida Bravo, Imprenta El Progreso, 1918), pp. 3-8 and 13. [ Links ] 56 "Cartilla de Puericultura de la Sociedad Chilena de Pediatría", in Revista Chilena de Pediatría, Nº4, abril/1930, pp. 213-216. [ Links ] "La Semana de la Madre", in Revista Chilena de Pediatría, Nº1, January 1930, pp. 51-53. [ Links ] 59 "Si usted no ayuda al magisterio, la educación es incompleta", in La Nación, Santiago, 8 April 1928, p. 13. [ Links ] 66 J. Félix Rocuart Hidalgo, La delincuencia infantil y los reformatorios de niños (Santiago, Imp. La Tarde, 1932), p. 22. [ Links ] 67 Raúl Varela Varela, Del reconocimiento voluntario de hijo natural y de la prueba judicial de su filiación (Santiago, , extended paper to apply for Bachelor's Degree at the Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Imprenta de San José, 1924), pp. 104-107. [ Links ] 69 Among those who set out criticism: Raúl Boza B., Filiación natural (Santiago, , extended paper to apply for Bachelor's Degree at the Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Imprenta Comercial, 1923); [ Links ] Varela, Del reconocimiento voluntario, cited; Elías Letelier Fredes, De la filiación ilejítima (Concepción, , extended paper to apply for Bachelor's Degree at the Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Imprenta y Encuadernación Moderna, 1922). [ Links ] 79 Paper by Carlos Estévez Gazmuri, in Cuarto Congreso Panamericano, volume V, pp. 9-16. Luis Soto Bórquez, La adopción en nuestra legislación civil (Santiago, , extended paper to apply for Bachelor's Degree at the Faculty of Legal and Social Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Imp. La Tarde, 1929), pp. 74-75. [ Links ] 83 "A los niños pobres" (Juan Cordero), in El Despertar de los Trabajadores, Iquique, 24 November 1912, p.1. [ Links ] (El Ferrocarril, Santiago, 22 October 1902). For his part, Emilio Vaisse wrote in the magazine Familia against the loss of authority inside the home. Familia, Nº54, June 1914, p.1. [ Links ] 105 Amaral, Los anticoncepcionales, p.6; Adolfo Jofré Rossel, El delito del aborto (Santiago, , extended paper to apply for Bachelor's Degree in law and political sciences at Univesidad de Chile, Imprenta Comercial, 1922), pp. 3-5, 15-18 and 57-59; [ Links ] Luis Bórquez A., Estudio sobre el aborto (Santiago, , extended paper to apply for Bachelor's Degree at the Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Imprenta Comercial, 1922), pp. 55-56; [ Links ] Fernando García Huidobro Domínguez, El aborto (Santiago, extended paper to apply for Bachelor's Degree at the Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Imprenta y Librería Artes y Letras, 1925), pp. 11-15; [ Links ] Isauro Torres Cereceda, Mortinatalidad de Santiago (abortos i nacidos -muertos) (Santiago, thesis for M.D. Degree, Clínica Universitaria de Obstetricia, Prof. Pardo Correa, Imprenta El Progreso, 1918), p. 37. [ Links ] 108 Manuel Domínguez Larraín, El infanticidio desde el punto de vista penal y médico legal (Santiago, , extended paper to apply for Bachelor's Degree at the Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Soc. Impr. y Lit. Universo, 1923), pp. 19, 32-33, 55-65 and 66. [ Links ] Jorge Ceardi Ferrer, El infanticidio bajo el punto de vista penal y médico legal (Valparaíso, , extended paper to apply for Bachelor's Degree at the Faculty of Law and Political Sciences Universidad de Chile, Talleres Gráficos Proteo, 1926), pp. 18-19. [ Links ] 109 René Salinas and Manuel Delgado, "Los hijos del vicio y del pecado. La mortalidad de los niños abandonados (1750-1930)", in Proposiciones, Nº19, 1990, pp. 44-54. [ Links ] 110 BIIAPI, Nº1 (t.II), July 1928, pp. 70-86. [ Links ] |
