ZANATTA, Loris. The rise and fall of the third position: Bolivia, Perón and the Cold War, 1943-1954.Translated byJudith Evans. Desarro. econ. (B. Aires) [online]. 2006, vol.1Selected edition, pp. 0-0. ISSN 0046-001X.
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K. D. Lehman: Bolivia and the United States. A Limited Partnership, Athens and London, The University of Georgia Press, 1999; [ Links ] W. Wilkie: The Bolivian Revolution and U.S. Aid since 1952. Los Angeles, University of California, 1969; [ Links ] C. Escudé: Gran Bretaña, Estados Unidos y la declinación argentina, 1942-1949, Buenos Aires, Ed. de Belgrano, 1983; [ Links ] G. Frank: Struggle for hegemony: Argentina, Brazil and the Second World War, Miami, Center for Advanced International Studies, 1979; [ Links ] C. A. MacDonald, "The U.S., the Cold War and Perón", in C. Abel and C. Lewis (comps.): Latin America, Economic Imperialism and the State, London, Institute of Latin American Studies, 1985; [ Links ] M. Rapoport and C. Spiguel: Estados Unidos y el peronismo, Buenos Aires, Grupo Editor Latinoamericano, 1994; [ Links ] J. S. Tulchin: Argentina and the United States: A Conflicted Relationship, Boston, Twayne, 1991. [ Links ] 2 File from the Ministry of Foreign Relations of Argentina, AMREA, "La Paz a Buenos Aires", Dec.19, 1943; [ Links ] about Bolivia`s dependence on the United States, see L. Whitehead, "Bolivia", en L. Bethell and I. Roxborough (ed.): Latin America between the Second World War and the Cold War, 1944-1948, Cambridge, Cambridge U.P., 1992, pp. 120-146; [ Links ] see also B. Figallo: "Bolivia y la Argentina: los conflictos regionales durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial", in Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe, vol. 7, Nº 1, Jan-Jun 1996. [ Links ] 3 AMREA, "La Paz a Buenos Aires", Dec.29, 1943; [ Links ] "Teniente de navío Oscar José Román Rumbo a jefe de la División B del Estado Mayor General, Secreto, S/reacción de los EE.UU. de A. ante la revolución boliviana", Dec.29, 1943; [ Links ] "Santiago a Buenos Aires", private and strictly confidential, Jan.5 1944. [ Links ] 4 AMREA, "La Paz a Buenos Aires", Jan. 19, 1944; Feb. 9, 1944; [ Links ] Administration General Archive, Madrid, AGDA, "Washington to Madrid", Jan 4 / 8, 1944. [ Links ] 6 AMREA, "Relaciones del nuevo régimen boliviano con elementos hostiles a la defensa continental", private and confidential, March 29, 1944. [ Links ] 7 AMREA, "Cochabamba a Buenos Aires", Apr. 13, 1944. [ Links ] 8 As stated by the Foreign Secretary of La Paz to the Chilean Ambassador, see File from the Ministry of Foreign Relations of Chile, AMREC, "La Paz a Santiago, Visita embajador Warren", May 25 1944. [ Links ] 9 See S. Welles: "Necesidad de una doctrina interamericana sobre reconocimientos", La Razón, La Paz, May 24, 1944. [ Links ] 10 AMREC, "La Paz a Santiago, Ruptura de relaciones entre Bolivia y el gobierno del general Franco", Oct. 5, 1945; [ Links ] File from the Ministry of Foreign Relations of Spain, AMRES, "La Paz a Madrid, Sobre ruptura de relaciones", Aug. 30, 1945; [ Links ] "Buenos Aires a Madrid", Oct. 1, 1945. [ Links ] 12 AMREC, "Lima a Santiago, Trigo argentino y petróleo peruano", Nov. 24, 1945. [ Links ] 13 AMREA, "La Paz a Buenos Aires", Jul. 25, 1946. [ Links ] 14 AMREC, "Lima a Santiago", Jan 11, 1945. [ Links ] 16 AMREA, "La Paz a Buenos Aires", Jul 25, 1946. [ Links ] 17 AGDE, "Washington to Madrid", Jul 29 / 31, 1946. [ Links ] 18 AMREC, "La Paz a Santiago, Sobre Libro Azul Americano", Feb. 27, 1946; [ Links ] See G. J. Dorn: "Perón's Gambit: The United States and the Argentine Challenge to the Inter-American Order, 1946-1948", Diplomatic History, vol. 26, Nº 1 (Winter 2002), p. 9. [ Links ] 19 AMREC, "La Paz a Santiago", May 28, 1946. [ Links ] 20 The dog and fleas metaphor in AMREA, D. G. de Asuntos Políticos [General Agency of Political Affaire], "Memorandum on the situation of Bolivia", Sept. 2, 1946. [ Links ] 21 AGDE, "Washington to Madrid", Jul 29, 1946. [ Links ] 22 La Vanguardia, Buenos Aires, Jul. 20, 1946; [ Links ] AMAES, "Buenos Aires a Madrid, Situación política", Aug. 23, 1946. [ Links ] 23 AMREA, "La Paz a Buenos Aires", Jul 21, 1946. [ Links ] 24 AMREA, D. G. de Asuntos Políticos, "Memorandum on the situation of Bolivia", Sept. 2, 1946; [ Links ] "La Paza Buenos Aires", Sept. 28, 1946. [ Links ] 25 File from the Ministry of Foreign Relations of Peru, AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima", Nov. 28 1946; [ Links ] AMREA, "La Paz a Buenos Aires", Strictly confidential memo, Nov. 28, 1946. [ Links ] 26 AMREA, "La Paz a Buenos Aires", Jul. 10, 1946. [ Links ] 27 AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima", Sept. 3, 1946; [ Links ] AMAES, "Panamá a Madrid, Informa sobre antagonismo argentino-norteamericano", Jun. 18, 1952. [ Links ] 28 AMREC, "La Paz a Santiago, Incidencias en la embajada de Argentina", Jun. 30, 1947. [ Links ] 29 Miranda en la Review of the River Plate, Jan. 10, 1947; [ Links ] AMREC, "Buenos Aires a Santiago", Oct. 21, 1947. [ Links ] 30 AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima, Negociaciones comerciales con Bolivia; Misión comercial argentina a Lima", March 6 / 7, 1947. [ Links ] 31 AMREC, "Buenos Aires a Santiago", Oct. 21, 1947. [ Links ] 32 AMREC, "La Paz a Santiago, El estaño en el convenio comercial con la Argentina", March 12 1947. [ Links ] 33 AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima, Tratado comercial con Bolivia", March 7, 1947. [ Links ] 34 See AMRES, "José GallostraaMinistro", Dec. 24, 1946. [ Links ] 35 AMREC, "La Paz a Santiago, Declaraciones del agregado militar argentino F. Carlés", March 19, 1947. [ Links ] 36 AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima, Viaje del embajador Messersmith", Dec. 21, 1946. [ Links ] 37 AMREC, "La Paz a Santiago, Modificaciones al convenio suscripto con Argentina", May 5, 1947. [ Links ] 38 AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima, Viajes del presidente González Videla", May 31, 1947; [ Links ] on the ABC Pact, see M. Rapoport and A. L. Cervo (comp.): El cono sur. Una historia común, Fondo de Cultura Económica, Buenos Aires, 2001. [ Links ] 39 AMRES, "Buenos Aires a Madrid", Jun. 8, 1947; [ Links ] AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima, Manifestaciones del presidente Perón", Jun. 30, 1947. [ Links ] 40 AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima, La conferencia de Río y la política de la Argentina", Aug. 4, 1947. [ Links ] 41 AMREC, "Buenos Aires a Santiago", Oct. 21, 1947. [ Links ] 42 Archivio del Ministero degli Esteri della Repubblica italiana, AMAEI, "Buenos Aires a Roma, Colloquio con il presidente Perón", Jul. 23, 1948; [ Links ] "Nuovo accordo Argentina-Spagna. La ‘terza posizione'", Jun. 24, 1948; [ Links ] AMRES, "Buenos Aires a Madrid, Informa sobre puntos de vista argentinos en Conferencia de Bogotá", March 30, 1948. [ Links ] 43 G. J. Dorn, Perón's Gambit, op. cit, p. 1; [ Links ] in January 1948 Perón ordered to CGT to leave the Lima conference sponsored by the American unions, AMAES, "Buenos Aires a Madrid, Entrevista con el general Perón", Jan. 16, 1948. [ Links ] 44 AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima, El ABC y la campaña anticomunista", Nov. 15, 1947. [ Links ] 45 AMAES, "Buenos Aires a Madrid, Conversación con el general Perón en esta embajada", Sept. 30, 1947. [ Links ] 46 AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima, Entrevista con el señor Miranda", Dec. 2, 1947; [ Links ] "Conv. con el doctor Molinari", Jan. 23, 1948.; [ Links ] J. van der Karr: Perón y los Estados Unidos, Buenos Aires, Vinciguerra, 1990, pp. 200-206. [ Links ] 47 AMRES, "Buenos Aires a Madrid, Conversación con el canciller Bramuglia", Jun 3 / 17, 1948. [ Links ] 48 AMREA, "Buenos Aires a Santiago, Informar sobre nota presentada a la cancillería chilena", Nov. 8, 1948; [ Links ] AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima", Dec. 1, 1948. [ Links ] 49 AMREA, "Síntesis del memorándum secreto del embajador en Bolivia", Oct. 16, 1948. [ Links ] 50 AMREA, "Embajada de Bolivia en Buenos Aires al ministro argentino de Relaciones Exteriores", Oct. 21, 1948; [ Links ] AMREC, "Buenos Aires a Santiago", Dec. 14, 1948. [ Links ] 51 AMREC, "La Paz a Santiago, Propaganda argentina en Bolivia", Dec. 15, 1948; [ Links ] 52 AMREC, "La Paz a Santiago, Declaraciones del presidente Perón y la reacción boliviana", Jan 4, 1949; [ Links ] "Sobre la ‘salida al mar' para Bolivia", Jan. 11, 1949. [ Links ] 53 AMRES, "Buenos Aires a Madrid, S/repercusión de los recientes acontecimientos del Paraguay", Feb. 7, 1949. [ Links ] 54 AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima, Las relaciones entre Argentina y Bolivia", Jun. 22, 1949; [ Links ] AMREC, "Buenos Aires a Santiago, Sobre exilados políticos", Aug. 31, 1949; [ Links ] AMREA, "Santiago a Buenos Aires, Informar sobre entrevista con el señor canciller de Chile", Sept. 6, 1949. [ Links ] 55 Eventually, who persuaded González Videla to dessist was Alessandri, the Chilean conservative leader and a friend of Perón, see AMREA, "Santiago a Buenos Aires, Relacionado con la tentativa chilena de acusar a la República Argentina", Sept. 16, 1949. [ Links ] 56 AMREC, "Buenos Aires a Santiago, La revolución en Bolivia", Sept. 9, 1949. [ Links ] 57 Hipólito Paz: Memorias. Vida pública y privada de un argentino en el siglo XX, Planeta, Buenos Aires 1999. [ Links ] 58 AMRES, "Buenos Aires a Madrid, Informaciones diversas sobre Argentina", Jan. 10, 1949. [ Links ] 59 AMRES, "Buenos Aires a Madrid, Destitución de D. Miguel Miranda", Jan. 21, 1949. [ Links ] 60 AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima, Precio del trigo argentino", Feb. 3, 1949; [ Links ] "Declaraciones del embajador Margueirat", Feb. 16, 1950; [ Links ] AMRES, "Oficina de Información Diplomática [Diplomatic Information Office], Declaraciones de Juan Isaac Cooke", Jan. 9, 1949. [ Links ] 61 AMRES, "Buenos Aires a Madrid", May 11, 1950. [ Links ] 62 AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima, Cámara Diputados ratifica Pacto Río de Janeiro", Jun. 30, 1950; [ Links ] AMRES, "Buenos Aires a Madrid, Declaraciones favorables al peronismo del embajador estadounidense", Oct. 28, 1950; [ Links ] 63 See AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima, Discurso presidente Perón sobre ABC", Jul. 31, 1950; [ Links ] "Campaña periodística de Critica contra el general Dutra", Sept. 9, 1950; [ Links ] "Asunto Lagartocha", Oct. 9, 1950. [ Links ] 64 La Época, Buenos Aires, May 18, 1951. [ Links ] 65 AMREC, "Buenos Aires a Santiago, Sobre sucesos bolivianos", Jun 12, 1951; [ Links ] "Política de acercamiento del Gobierno argentino con los demás países americanos", Aug. 7, 1951; [ Links ] AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima, Nuevos acuerdos económicos argentino-bolivianos", Dec. 7, 1951; [ Links ] AMRES, "Rio de Janeiro a Madrid, Relaciones entre el Brasil y Bolivia", Jan 18, 1952. [ Links ] 66 AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima", Aug. 16, 1951; Dec. 14 / 28, 1951; [ Links ] 67 La Epoca, Buenos Aires, Jan. 6, 1952; [ Links ] widely echoed by La Prensa, where several MNR exiles were writing at the moment, see AMREC, "Buenos Aires a Santiago", Feb. 12, 1952, [ Links ] 69 AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima", Feb. 22, 1952; [ Links ] "Intervención de la CGT argentina en conflictos de otros países", March 6, 1952; [ Links ] "La CGT extiende sus redes", Oct. 8, 1952. [ Links ] 70 AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima, Tratado militar entre Estados Unidos y Chile", Feb. 4, 1952; [ Links ] "Convenio de ayuda militar entre el Perú y los EE.UU.", Feb. 7, 1952; [ Links ] "La prensa argentina y los pactos de carácter militar propuestos por EE.UU.", Feb. 29, 1952; [ Links ] "El embajador chileno y el pacto militar de su país", March 5, 1952. [ Links ] 71 That was the thinking of E. Bunker, ambassador in Buenos Aires between 1951 y 1952, and of many members of the Congress, see AMREC, "Buenos AiresaSantiago, Partida del Embajador de los EE.UU.", March 18, 1952. [ Links ] 72 AMRES, "La Paz a Madrid, Informa sobre sentimientos antichilenos", Sept. 2, 1952. [ Links ] 73 AMREC, "Buenos Aires a Santiago, Delegación de la CGT a un Congreso obrero boliviano", Aug. 18, 1952; [ Links ] AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima, Acerca de las relaciones argentino-bolivianas", May 9, 1952; [ Links ] "Inauguración sede del Comité Unidad Sindical Latino Americana", Apr. 15, 1952. [ Links ] 74 AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima, Documentos sobre el grupo Chacur", Dec. 11, 1951; [ Links ] "Banquete del embajador de Bolivia al canciller argentino", Oct. 17, 1952. [ Links ] 75 "El ejemplo argentino exaspera a los pulpos del imperialismo" in Crítica, Buenos Aires, May 14 1952; [ Links ] "¡El mundo por Perón!" La Época, Buenos Aires, May 24, 1952. [ Links ] 76 As stated by Guillermo McLean Valverde, the right-hand man of Paz Estenssoro, see AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima, Agente Secreto del Presidente de Bolivia", 24 abril 1952; [ Links ] 77 AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima, La Unión Sindical Latinoamericana y el reconocimiento del gobierno de Bolivia", May 19, 1952; [ Links ] 78 AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima, Interferencias de la política argentina en Bolivia, Ecuador y Chile", May 2, 1952; [ Links ] "Embajador argentino en Quito persona ‘non grata'", May 2, 1952; [ Links ] "Convocatoria a los países garantes", Sept. 11, 1952; [ Links ] "Relaciones Argentina-Brasil", Apr. 18, 1952. [ Links ] 79 AMRES, "Nota para el alto Estado Mayor", May 27, 1952; [ Links ] AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima, Acerca visita jefe Estado Mayor del Brasil", May 5, 1952. [ Links ] 80 AMRES, "Panamá a Madrid", Jun. 18, 1952; [ Links ] AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima, Incidencias entre las cancillerías del Uruguay y Argentina, Oct. 8, 1952. [ Links ] 81 See La Epoca, Dec. 8, 1952. [ Links ] 82 As thought by some Argentine military spheres, see AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima", Sept. 5, 1953. [ Links ] 83 Ríos Gallardo retold his conversation with Perón to the ambassador of Perú, see AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima, Entrevista del embajador de Chile con el general Perón", Jan. 10, 1953; [ Links ] "Visita al presidente de la República", Jan. 30, 1953. [ Links ] 84 AMRES, "Río de Janeiro a Madrid, Información s/política hispanoamericana". Nov. 13, 1952; [ Links ] AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima, Conversando con el doctor Ríos Gallardo", Dec. 30, 1952; [ Links ] "Objetivos de la visita a Chile del presidente argentino", Feb. 9, 1953. [ Links ] 85 "Los entreguistas de Lima", La Época, Buenos Aires, Nov. 18, 1952; [ Links ] AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima, Puede paralizarse la exportación al Perú", Dec.1, 1952. [ Links ] 86 AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima, Relaciones peruano-argentinas. Conversando con el canciller", Jan. 22, 1953. [ Links ] 87 AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima, Entrevista con el embajador de Chile", Jun. 20, 1953; [ Links ] "Apristas en Buenos Aires", Apr. 15, 1953; [ Links ] "Control del Estado y los apristas", May 12, 1953. [ Links ] 88 The Argentine fears caused by the rapprochement between Peru and Brazil were grasped by the American embassy, see J. van der Karr, Perón y los Estados Unidos, op. cit., pp. 234-241; AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima, Convenio comercial con el Brasil", Jan. 16, 1953; [ Links ] "Viaja a Chile el presidente argentino y visita Rio de Janeiro el canciller del Perú", Feb. 21, 1953. [ Links ] 89 The setter from Perón to Vargas in AMAEA, D. G. de Política, March 6, 1953; Vargas politely requested Perón moderation, see AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima, Conversando con el embajador de Brasil", March 18 / May 28, 1953. [ Links ] 90 AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima, Invitados oficiales colombianos", Jan 21, 1954; [ Links ] "Conversando con el canciller Remorino", Sept. 15, 1953; [ Links ] "Viaje del presidente Perón al Paraguay", Sept. 23, 1953; [ Links ] "Armamento para Venezuela", May 13, 1954; [ Links ] "Vinculaciones argentino-ecuatorianas", May 15, 1954. [ Links ] 91 AMAE, "Ambasciata d'Italia a Presidente del Consiglio", Jun. 8, 1953. [ Links ] 92 AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima, Viaje al Ecuador y Colombia del canciller argentino", Dec. 18, 1953; [ Links ] "Aproxímase fecha firma del convenio con Chile", Jun. 3, 1953; [ Links ] "Tránsito del ministro de Guerra de Chile", March 3, 1954. [ Links ] 93 As thought by Foreign Under-Secretary Holland, in J. van der Karr, Perón y los Estados Unidos, op. cit., pp. 265-266; on the subject, see S. G. Rabe: Eisenhower and Latin America: The Foreign Policy of Anti-Communism, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1986. [ Links ] 95 On May 1st, 1953 Perón aggressively attacked the United States. Ambassador Nufer, urger of the conciliation, threatened with a "violent and decisive" reply to the Peronist threats of violence; see J. van der Karr, Perón y los Estados Unidos, op. cit., pp. 234-241; "El enemigo con todas las letras", Democracia, Buenos Aires, May 2, 1953; [ Links ] AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima, Visita del embajador de los Estados Unidos", May 2, 1953. [ Links ] 96 AMREA, secret memo, "Negociación de acuerdos bilaterales de ayuda militar con Estados Unidos", 1953. [ Links ] 97 AMREC, "Buenos Aires to Santiago, Relaciones argentino-norteamericanas", Aug. 20, 1953; [ Links ] AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima, Reajuste de las relaciones argentino-norteamericanas", Aug. 1, 1953; [ Links ] "La economía argentina en busca de capitales", Oct. 21, 1953; [ Links ] AMRES, "Buenos Aires a Madrid, Mejoría de las relaciones argentino-yanquis", Oct. 23, 1953; [ Links ] New York Times, Dec.26, 1953. [ Links ] 99 AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima, Entrevista con el canciller", March 25, 1954; [ Links ] AMREC, "Buenos Aires a Santiago, Relaciones argentinas con países del continente", Aug. 4 1955. [ Links ] 100 AMAE, "Buenos Aires a Roma, Disordini sindacali e denuncia governativa di un'organizzazione comunista", Jun. 14, 1954; [ Links ] J.van der Karr, Perón y los Estados Unidos, op. cit., pp. 254-255; AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima, Política argentina", Jun. 16, 1954; [ Links ] "Entrega al presidente Perón de carta personal del presidente del Perú", Jul. 24, 1954. [ Links ] 102 AMREP, "Buenos Aires a Lima, Aniversario de la revolución boliviana", Apr. 9, 1953; [ Links ] K. Lehman: "Revolutions and Attributions: Making Sense of Eisenhower Administration Policies in Bolivia and Guatemala", Diplomatic History, vol. 21, Nº 2, Spring 1997, p. 192. [ Links ] 105 AMREA, "Panorama sintético, Bolivia", 1954; [ Links ] AMREC, "Buenos Aires a Santiago, Relaciones con Bolivia y ayuda argentina", Sept. 15, 1953; [ Links ] "Consideraciones en torno a la política exterior argentina", March 6, 1954; [ Links ] "Relaciones de Argentina con países americanos", Sept. 14, 1954; [ Links ] "Relaciones argentinas con países del continente", Aug. 4, 1955. [ Links ] 106 AMREA, "La Paz a Buenos Aires", Jun. 27, 1955; [ Links ] AMREC, "Buenos Aires a Santiago, Relaciones argentinas con países del continente", Aug. 4, 1955. [ Links ] |
